Kellogg Scholar Reports

Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) has been a persistent concern for New Zealand’s agricultural sector since the 1880’s and is still ongoing today in some parts of the country. While considerable progress has been made in reducing the prevalence of bovine TB, complacency in both farmers and industry representatives poses a threat to its effective control and eradication.

New Zealand Inc. must be bold in the fight for TB freedom. Eradicating Complacency looks at the historical journey New Zealand has been on with the disease, the efforts taken to reduce possum numbers and infected herd numbers, and what the current state of play of the disease is currently at in 2023.

This report, Eradicating Complacency, investigates the current perception and understanding of Bovine TB with farmers and industry, to gauge if there is a level of complacency happening with the disease in NZ. The aims of this study were to:

– Investigate the current perception and knowledge of Bovine TB and the TBfree programme with farmers and industry in NZ.
– From the above findings, determine what is needed to make TB visible in regions where there aren’t infected herds or wildlife.
– Review what story telling has already been done with farmers and industry representatives that have been impacted by TB in the past.
– Determine a people centred strategy going forward to ensure complacency does not occur with farmers and industry, and efforts are sustained the closer we get to eradication of TB in herds by 2026.

To carry this out a literature review was done on the international efforts of eradication of Bovine TB in other countries, the stories that have already been told of those impacted by the disease and how story telling can impact recovery in adverse events. A digital survey focusing on knowledge and perception of the TBfree programme was created and had 71 responses from farmers and industry professionals around NZ. A thematic analysis was used to theme the perception responses. One interview with a Senior Vet from OSPRI NZ was conducted to understand how the TBfree programme has evolved over time.

The research highlights that farmers and industry have a relatively sound understanding of the TBfree programme, however farmers feel there are not enough stories being told on the human and farming impacts of being TB infected. More literature reviews were conducted on the impacts of storytelling in recovery from adverse events.

Recommendations to eradicate complacency, the closer we get to Bovine TB eradication are:

– Human centred communications focusing on the people impacts, alongside the technical information.
– Increase story telling of impacted farmers and industry professionals to help make TB visible in non-visible areas of NZ.
– Education with younger generations, lifestylers on impacts of TB, and what it means to be TB free in New Zealand.

Eradicating Complacency shows valuable insights into what the next few years could look like as we move closer to 2026. It’s human-centred and has the people in the industry at its core.

In the face of market volatility and increasing uncertainty in international trade, New Zealand as an exporting nation, must adopt forward-thinking strategies to protect its interests. Market diversification within the dairy industry holds significant impacts on New Zealand dairy farmers, processors, and the wider economy. This report analyses the potential for expanding New Zealand’s dairy partnership with Nigeria, a market with untapped opportunities.

Report objectives:

• Investigate the current landscape of Nigeria to set the context in which the dairy sector operates.
• Analyse the structure and dynamics of the Nigerian dairy sector.
• Examine the relationship between demographic factors, economic growth, urbanisation, and the political landscape on the demand for and consumption patterns of dairy products in Nigeria.
• Propose recommendations for New Zealand dairy exporters to explore further growth between New Zealand and Nigeria.

The research methodology involved a situational analysis through a comprehensive literature review to assess the current state of Nigeria and the structure of its dairy sector. Semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders were conducted to gain an understanding of the consumption trends and drivers.

Critical analysis of the literature review and interviews revealed four drivers impacting the growth of Nigerian dairy consumption these were: the force of population growth and demographic shifts, economic recovery, political stability, and rate of urbanisation.

As Nigeria’s population continues to grow, urbanise, and the working age demographic expands the demand for dairy products is projected to substantially increase. This increased demand is driven by an emerging middle class, youthful and urban population. However, the Nigerian dairy market’s potential hinges on the country’s political stability and sustained economic recovery. Given global market uncertainties and geopolitical dynamics, New Zealand’s commitment to diversification is paramount. Underscoring the significance of engagement with Nigeria to ensure that future growth opportunities remain open.

Recommendations for New Zealand’s engagement with Nigeria:

1. Establish relationships:
   The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to proactively build relationships in Nigeria and West Africa. Through establishing representation across the country to prepare for future growth opportunities.
2. Cultivate market familiarisation:
   New Zealand Trade and Enterprise to invest in building expertise and knowledge to gain a greater understanding of the Nigerian market. Enabling New Zealand to make informed decisions.
3. Prioritise Nigeria as a long term future trading partner:
   The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to develop a strategic plan to build engagement with Nigeria by dedicating resources and diplomatic presence.
4. Facilitate exchange and capacity building:
   Industry bodies to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and expertise. By bringing Nigerian dairy stakeholders to New Zealand to familiarise themselves with New Zealand dairy processes, quality standards and market dynamics.
5. Diversify commodity offerings:
   Encourage New Zealand dairy processors to consider expanding their product range to include Fat Filled Milk Powder to target a broader and growing consumer base.

New Zealand is an exporting nation with its primary sectors being some of the biggest contributors. There is a lot to protect ourselves from in the way of biological incursion that could crush our primary industries, in particular, horticulture.

Protecting our country is done in the way of border controls and monitoring what is entering the country through government created biosecurity systems. The new germplasm import pathways has its own biosecurity system which for users is fraught with complex and multi-layered challenges, all with the primary goal of protecting New Zealand from biological incursions.

This report aims to help support ongoing work in the germplasm import industry and to find beneficial solutions for importing pathways while keeping New Zealand safe from biological threats. This report will explore three key research questions.

• What is the history of the quarantine system in New Zealand, and how does the system now work?
• What are the most common barriers to entry of new plant germplasm material into New Zealand?
• What are the solutions to assist with the simplification of the import process?

The methodology comprises a literature review to provide context around the key barriers faced with the importation of germplasm. A thematic analysis is then conducted from ten anonymous semi-structured interviews of four people from fruit and vine, two that work across multiple horticultural production sectors, one from the ornamental sector, one from the arable sector and two from a non-governmental organisation. The questions were grouped into five high-level themes:

• Business involvement with plant germplasm
• Introduction of new plant germplasm
• The impact and understanding of import barriers
• Challenges, improvements and impacts
• Other opinions brought to light

After analysing various themes related to import systems, four major discussion areas emerged from the literature. These areas include the need for simplified operational processes to improve the import system’s usability, economic feasibility to address the potential implications of increased import costs, and New Zealand’s competitive advantage in both domestic and international markets for horticultural products.

Recommendations to improve import pathways for New Zealand and the users:

• Plant importers, NGO’s and the government need to implement better collaboration between themselves for the improvement of importation frameworks and legislation.
• To build better capability with MPI and provide comprehensive training for biosecurity officers and relevant personnel involved with the import processes.
• The need to streamline and standardise New Zealand’s import processes to reduce inconsistency between imports and decrease time delays.
• Industry and government’s continual investment in advanced diagnostic technologies to reduce testing time and cost.

The most profitable farm businesses in New Zealand value the utilisation of pasture and homegrown forage first and foremost. They understand the importance of feed grown and eaten at home, and they farm to get the most from this cheapest form of feed.

But what do we know about the learning preferences of our farmers to efficiently grow and harvest homegrown feed in their farm systems? The purpose of this report was to provide pastoral agribusiness with key insights, including feedback from farmers, around learning preferences and how they make decisions. Pastoral farmers are defined as those who primarily use animals to harvest homegrown forage from their land, turning this into saleable protein, that will ultimately be sold off farm.

Specifically, this report looked to address two research objectives:

1.  To identify a clear and deep understanding of how and from whom (or what) New Zealand pastoral farmers learn about pasture and homegrown feed for their farm system(s).
2. Understand the main learning preferences and what is important to the New Zealand pastoral farmer making forage related decisions on farm.

The research used a literature review, fourteen semi-structured interviews (seven red meat sector farmers and seven dairy sector farmers), as well as an example of farmer learning through extension in a three-pronged approach to address the research objectives.

The literature review gave a theoretical base to current knowledge, focusing on research around learning preferences of farmers and how the social aspects of relationships, people and trust play into learning.

From the interviews, a thematic analysis of responses identified that there are two broad pillars (aspects) around farmer learning. Firstly, a pure learning aspect, and secondly a social aspect. Within each of these key themes were identified in the learning aspects Awareness, Information and Decision making, and in the social aspects People and Trust. The people theme is closely tied up with farmer networks.

For learning to occur, awareness of a concept, idea or management practice is always the first step. Awareness can often lead to ‘seeking of more information’ and/or a ‘give it a go’ approach, as our farmers are practical people. Other people/ networks play a major role in farmer learning, and most farmers prefer to learn from others and/or use other people or trusted networks to gain awareness, learn more and help make decisions. Trust over arches nearly all of learning. Farmers must trust in aspects such as information, people, companies, and the science – to be open to learn. And information presented must be relevant to farmers/farm systems, with many farmers preferring science or and data driven information.

Key recommendations for pastoral agribusiness to foster farmer learning are:

• To aim first to create an awareness of the forage related concept or practice.
• Ensure information provided is science-based or verified
• Know who the target audience(s) is/are, be clear on this. Break them into groups, ask questions, listen, deeply understand regional or system challenges and quirks.
• Information must be relevant to the target audience.

With this in mind, create a fostered learning environment, potentially through closed on-farm groups or any system that brings farmers together. Deeply understand that trust must be gained in order to succeed, that it takes time for this to build, but being part of this inner network is a golden place to be, and provides an opportunity for long-lived learning relationships.